Science communication in the 21st century: A conversation with Neil deGrasse Tyson | Across the Sky podcast

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kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i (6==[ E96C6VD 2 =@E 8@:?8 @? E96C6] xV> 23D@=FE6=J @7 E96 D2>6 >:?5 E92E E96C6 :D 2 =@E @7 >@?6J E@ 36 >256 :? 2 42A:E2=:DE:4 D@4:6EJ 2?5 D6==:?8 D@>6E9:?8[ D6==:?8 :?7@C>2E:@? E92E A6@A=6 2=C625J H2?E E@ 36=:6G6] $@ xV> 23D@=FE6=J @7 E96 D2>6 >:?5 E96C6] p?5 H6 D66 E92E[ 2== E96 E:>6]k^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i x H2?E E@ 255 @?6 @E96C E9:?8 x >62?E E@ :?4=F56] $@ E96C6VD E96 492C:D>2E:4 A6CD@? H9@VD E6==:?8 J@F E96J 92G6 E96 2?DH6C 2?5 @E96CD 5@?VE] %96C6VD 2=D@ E96 =@?6 6IA6CE] ~<2J[ E96 A6CD@?] p?5 H6 D2H E9:D 5FC:?8 r~'xs %96C6VD D@>6 |sD H9@ 2C6 ;FDE C:89E] %92E :D ?@E >2:?DEC62> >65:4:?6] %9:D :D 7C:?86 >65:4:?6 E2=<:?8] p?5 D@ E96JV== 92G6 E96:C A65:8C66 @? E96 D4C66?] |s[ $E2?7@C5[ w2CG2C5[ H92E6G6C E96D6 ?2>6] x>AC6DD:G6 A=246D] p?5 E96? J@FVC6 8@:?8 E@ D2J[ H6==[ E92EVD H92E x H2?E E@ E9:?< :D ECF6 2?JH2J] xE C6D@?2E6D H:E9 H96C6 xV> 4@>:?8 7C@>] $@ xV> 8@:?8 E@ 8@ H:E9 E96>[ 2?5 xV> 8@:?8 E@ E6== A6@A=6[ xV> =:DE6?:?8 E@ 2? 6IA6CE] (92E A6@A=6 2C6 ?@E C62=:K:?8 :D E92E D4:6?E:7:4[ @3;64E:G6 ECFE9D 2C6 ?@E 6DE23=:D965 3J =@?6 H@=G6D] %96JVC6 6DE23=:D965 3J C6A62E65 >62DFC6>6?ED[ @3D6CG2E:@?D @7[ 2 564=2C65 C6DF=E] p?5 @?=J H96? E96 C6A62E65 >62DFC6>6?ED G6C:7J :E :D E92E C6DF=E] p?JE9:?8 E92E 42? 36 3C@F89E :?E@ E96 H@C=5 @7 @3;64E:G6 ECFE9D F?E:= E92E 92AA6?D] xE :D 7C:?86 7@C D@>6 C62D@?] u@C46D H6C6 @A6C2E:?8 E@ 86E E96 AF3=:4 E@ E9:?< E92E >2:?DEC62> 6BF2=D 325 7@C D@>6 C62D@?] }6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i (96? >2:?DEC62> :D 6I24E=J H92E AC@8C6DD6D D4:6?46[ :E :D AC64:D6=J 9@H :E H@C<D[ 2?5 >2:?DEC62> :D ?@E] ~9[ =6EVD ;FDE 2== 28C66 2?5 36 DEF33@C? 23@FE :E] }@[ >2:?DEC62> :D] %96D6 2C6 6IA6C:>6?ED E92E C6A62E65=J 8:G6 FD 2AAC@I:>2E6=J @C AC64:D6=J E96 D2>6 C6DF=E] (6VC6 8@:?8 H:E9 :E 2?5 H6VC6 >@G:?8 @? E@ E96 ?6IE AC@3=6>[ H96C6 J@F H:== D66 FD 7:89E 23@FE H92EVD ECF6 2?5 H92EVD ?@E @? E96 7C@?E:6C] 3FE F?E:= E96?[ ?@] p?5 3J E96 H2J[ E96 C6D62C496CD 2C6 7246=6DD 6?E:E:6D] %96 A6@A=6 H9@ G6C:7J E96:C C6D62C49[ J@F 5@?VE <?@H H9@ E96J 2C6[ E96J 5@?VE 92G6 *@F%F36 492??6=D] p?5 D@ E96C6VD E9:D 492C:D>2E:4 A6CD@? DA62<:?8 @? E96:C @H? *@F%F36 492??6=[ 2?5 E96C6VD E9:D G28F6=J C@@E65 C6DF=E J@F 962C] xE D@F?5D G28F6] (6==[ D@>6 C6D62C49 92D 7@F?5 E92E E9:D :D H92EVD 24EF2==J 8@:?8 @?] w6C6VD H92E J@F D9@F=5 5@] }@[ xV> =:DE6?:?8 E@ E9:D A6CD@?] p?5 D@ E92EVD ;FDE E@ C@F?5 @FE H92E :E :D J@F H6C6 ECJ:?8 E@ 86E 24C@DD E96C6]k^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i }@[ x E6== A6@A=6 E92E :? >6E6@C@=@8J[ 367@C6 E96 4@>AFE6CD 8@E D@ 8@@5 :? E96D6 =2DE a_ J62CD[ E96 36DE 7@C642DE :D 2 4@?D6?DFD 7@C642DE] *@F E2<6 E6? >6E6@C@=@8:DED[ E96J =@@< 2E E96 52E2[ J@F E2<6 E96 2G6C286 @7 2==[ E96J D2J @G6C E:>6[ E92EVD 8@:?8 E@ 36 E96 7@C642DE E92E 6?5D FA 4@CC64E] %96C6 H:== 2=H2JD 36 E9:D @442D:@?2= @FE=:6C[ 7@C DFC6[ 3FE :? E96 =@?86C E6C>[ E92EVD H96C6 E96 >@?6J :D E@ 36 >256]k^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i #:89En p?5 3J E96 H2J[ E96 H@C5 4@?D6?DFD[ x E9:?<[ @77:4:2==J >62?D @A:?:@?] p?5 D@ E92E 4@?D6?DFD @7 @A:?:@? :D 24EF2==J C65F?52?E] qFE H96? H6 FD6 E96 H@C5 4@?D6?DFD 7@C D4:6?46[ E96D6 2C6?VE @A:?:@?D 36:?8 6IAC6DD65] %96D6 2C6 E96 C6DF=ED @7 D4:6?E:7:4 6IA6C:>6?ED E92E 2C6 36:?8 C6A@CE65 3J D4:6?E:DED] xEVD ?@E D:>A=J E96:C @A:?:@? E92E] }@[ :E >2J 4@>6 24C@DD E92E H2J] *@F D2J[ H6==[ H92EVD E96 36DE >65:42= @A:?:@?n #:89E] ~A:?:@?D 2C6[ 86E 2 D64@?5 @A:?:@?] p== C:89En &DF2==J H96? J@F 2D< 7@C 2 D64@?5 @A:?:@?[ :EVD 3642FD6 J@F 5:5?VE =:<6 E96 7:CDE 2?DH6C 2?5 J@FVC6 8@:?8 E@ <66A 5@4E@C 9@AA:?8 F?E:= J@F 7:?5 2? 2?DH6C J@F =:<6[ 2?5 E96? J@FVC6 8@:?8 E@ D2J[ E92EVD E96 5:28?@D:D[ H9:49 :D :ED6=7 2 4@?7:C>2E:@? 3:2D[ H9:49 :D E96 >@DE A6C?:4:@FD 2>@?8 E96 3:2D6D] x H:D9 H6 925 2 5:776C6?E H@C5[ 3FE H6 92G6 E@ FD6 :E] $4:6?E:7:4 4@?D6?DFD :D E96 2=:8?>6?E @7 C6D62C49 @FE4@>6D[ ?@E E96 2=:8?>6?E @7 H9:>D:42= @A:?:@?D 96=5 3J D4:6?E:DED E96>D6=G6D]k^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i (6==[ E2=< 23@FE H@C5 FD286 7@C 2 >:?FE6[ 3642FD6 H6 <?@H E96C6 2C6 46CE2:? H@C5D H6 FD6 :? E96 D4:6?E:7:4 4@>>F?:EJ E92E 92G6 G6CJ 5:776C6?E 4@??@E2E:@?D :? E96 86?6C2= AF3=:4] %96 7:CDE @?6 E92E 4@>6D E@ >:?5 :D E96@CJ] (96? H6 D2J 2 D4:6?E:7:4 E96@CJ[ E92EVD AC6EEJ 4=@D6 E@ 36:?8 67764E[ 2D @AA@D65 E@ D@>6 <:?5 @7 H:D9J H2D9J E9:?8 E92E 2 =@E @7[ E96 86?6C2= AF3=:4 D66D[ E92EVD <:?5 @7 9JA@E96D:D] (6VC6 ?@H96C6 ?62C E92E J6E]k^Am

k9bmpC6 E96C6 D@>6 H@C5D }6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@? 2G@:5D :? 4@>>F?:42E:@? 23@FE D4:6?46nk^9bm

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i pC6 E96C6 D@>6 H@C5D E92E J@FVG6 <:?5 @7 CF? FA 282:?DE 2?5 J@FVG6 <:?5 @7 ;FDE 564:565 E@ 2G@:5 :? 4@>>F?:42E:@?nk^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i %@?D] ~9[ J629] $@[ x >62?[ :7 J@FVC6 8@:?8 E@ 4@>>F?:42E6[ :7 J@FVC6 8@:?8 E@ 42== J@FCD6=7 2? 65F42E@C 4@>>F?:42E@C[ E96? J@FVG6 8@E E@ D:7E E9C@F89 J@FC 6?E:C6 =6I:4@?[ D66 H92E H@C<D[ D66 H92E 5@6D?VE[ D66 H92E] }@H[ x 2> 7@CEF?2E6] |J 6IA6CE:D6 :D :? 2 7:6=5 H96C6 @FC =6I:4@? :D 9:89=J EC2?DA2C6?E[ D@ E92E x DA6?5 >F49 =6DD E:>6 567:?:?8 H@C5D 7@C D@>6@?6 E92? H@F=5 ?@C>2==J @44FC H:E9 @E96C AC@76DD:@?D] yFA:E6C 92D 2 3:8 C65 DA@E @? :ED 2E>@DA96C6] (6 42== :E yFA:E6CVD C65 DA@E] #:89E] %96 DF? 92D DA@ED] %96JVC6 @77:4:2==J 42==65 DF? DA@ED] #:89E] $@ x 5@?VE 92G6 E@ E96? 567:?6 H92E 2 DF?DA@E :D] x 42? ;FDE FD6 E96 E6C> 2?5 <66A E2=<:?8 23@FE E96>] $@ ;FDE >2<6 E92E 4=62C H:E9 C682C5 E@ E96@CJ] (92E xVG6 5@?6 :D 3642FD6[ :EVD G6CJ 92C5 E@ 492?86 E96 AF3=:4VD F?56CDE2?5:?8 @7 2 H@C5] x7 E92E H@C5 92D FD286 @FED:56 @7 J@FC 7:6=5[ E92E H:== A6CD:DE ?@ >2EE6C 9@H J@F 567:?6 :E 7@C E96>] $@ E96@CJ :D @?6 @7 E9@D6 H@C5D] $@ D@>6@?6 2E 9@>6 H:== <?@H[ x 92G6 2 E96@CJ E92E >J[ D@ E92EVD 9@H E96JVC6 FD:?8 E96 H@C5 E96@CJ] *@F 42?VE <?@4< @? 6G6CJ 5@@C 2?5 E6== A6@A=6 E@ FD6 E96 H@C5 5:776C6?E=J] $@ x FD6 E96 H@C5 E96@CJ @?=J 7@C 6DE23=:D965 E96@C:6D E92E 2C6 2=C625J :? A=246] t:?DE6:?VD 86?6C2= E96@CJ @7 C6=2E:G:EJ[ DA64:2= 7C66=J[ 6G@=FE:@?2CJ[ E96@CJ[ E9:D D@CE @7 E9:?8] p?5 H96? A6@A=6 D2J[ @9[ H6==[ :7 :EVD ;FDE 2 E96@CJ[ E92EVD[ @7 4@FCD6[ E96 3FKK A9C2D6[ x D2J[ ?@[ 2 E96@CJ :D E96 9:896DE =6G6= @7 F?56CDE2?5:?8 H6 92G6 @7 E96 F?:G6CD6] xE :D ?@E E96 =@H6DE =6G6=] %96 =@H6DE =6G6= H@F=5 36 2 9JA@E96D:D] $@ :7 D@>6@?6 D2JD[ H6==[ :7 x 92G6 2 E96@CJ E92E[ ?@[ x D2J[ t:?DE6:? 925 2 E96@CJ[ J@F 92G6 2 9JA@E96D:D 2H2:E:?8 E6DE:?8[ 2?5 E96? A6@A=6 49F4<=6 2E E92E] $@ ?@ @?6 :D E96?[ 5:DEC24E65 3J :E] $@ E96 H@C5 9JA@E96D:D :D G6CJ 96=A7F= :? E9:D C682C5] yFDE E6== A6@A=6 E96J 92G6 2 9JA@E96D:D] x7 :EVD ?@E J6E E6DE65[ :EVD 2 9JA@E96D:D] x7 :EVD E6DE65 2?5 :E @C82?:K6D :562D 2?5 :E 8:G6D FD :?D:89ED :?E@ 7FEFC6 5:D4@G6C:6D[ :E :D 6=6G2E65 E@ E96 =6G6= @7 E96@CJ] $@ x H:== D2J E92E :7 E96 4@?G6CD2E:@? 8@6D E96C6] qFE :7 xV> ;FDE 2 76H D6?E6?46D 2?5 D@F?5 3:E6D @? E96 6G6?:?8 ?6HD[ x H:== ?@E FD6 E96 E6C> 2E 2==[ 3J E96 H2J[ ?@C H:== x FD6 E96 H@C5 724E] p 724E :D E92E H@C5 :D 7C2F89E] xEVD 7C2F89E 3642FD6 :E :D 2 724E E92E[ :7 x C6>6>36C E96 BF@E6D 4@CC64E=J[ :EVD 2 724E E92E !C6D:56?E %CF>A D2:5 J@F 4@F=5 FD6 3=6249 E@ 4FC6 r~'xs @C H9@6G6C] xE :D 2 724E E92E E96J D2:5 :E] %92E 5@6D?VE >62? :E H@C<D] $@ E96C6VD A=6?EJ @7 724ED @FE E96C6 E92E C676C6?46 E9:?8D E92E 2C6 ?@E ECF6] $@[ =:<6 x D2:5[ E96 H@C5 724E :D 7C2F89E] xE :D 2 724E E92E p?5C6H (2<67:6=5 AF3=:D965 2 A2A6C 564=2C:?8 2[ 4@??64E:@? 36EH66? |># | |] G244:?6 2?5 E96 > > >62D=6D[ >F>AD[ CF36==2 G244:?6 2?5 2FE:D>] %96C6VD 2 724E E92E 96 AF3=:D965 2 A2A6C 6IA=@C:?8 E92E 4@??64E:@?] %92E 5@6D?VE >62? E92EVD 2 4@??64E:@?] $@ :E :D 2 724E E92E >@E96CD C6A@CE65 E92E 27E6C E96:C <:5D H6C6 G244:?2E65[ E96J D9@H65[ DJ>AE@>D @7 2FE:D>] ~<2Jn %92E 5@6D?VE >2<6 :E 2 42FD6 2?5 67764E 4@CC6=2E:@?] $@ x 5@?VE] x ?6G6C FD6 E96 H@C5 724E 6G6C] %96 H@C5 5@6D ?@E H@C< E@ E92E A@:?E]k^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i pC6 E96C6 @E96C H@C5D E92E J@F H6C6 23=6 E@ FD6 :? J@FC 6IE6C?2= 4@>>F?:42E:@?D `da_ J62CD 28@n *@F ;FDE E9C@H J@FC 92?5D FA =:<6[ x 42?VE FD6 E92E H@C5 2?J>@C6] xEVD =@DE :ED >62?:?8 :? E96 86?6C2= 4@?G6CD2E:@?] xVG6 8@E E@ E9:?< @7 D@>6E9:?8 6=D6 ?@H]k^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i *629[ @7 4@FCD6] }@[ :EVD ?@E 2? 292 >@>6?E] xEVD 2 4@?E:?F2= 2DD6DD>6?E 2?5 >62DFC6>6?E @7 E96 DE@4< G2=F6 @7 H@C5D 2D E96J 2C6 FD65[ 4@>6 :? 2?5 @FE @7 FD6 2D E96:C 567:?:E:@?D D9:7E[ 2D 4F=EFC2=[ D@4:2=[ C6=:8:@FD[ A@=:E:42= >@C6D D9:7E] *@F 42?VE ;FDE 564=2C6 E92E ?@ @?6 H2?ED E@ =62C?] ~C 9@H 4@>6[ E96J 5@?VE 5@ E96:C 9@>6H@C<] %96? J@FVC6 ?@E 36:?8 2? 65F42E@C] $@CCJ] *@FVC6 ?@E 36:?8 2 4@>>F?:42E@C] *629[ J@F 2C6] *@FVC6 36:?8 E96 AC@76DD@C E2=<:?8 E@ E96 492=<3@2C5 H9:=6 J@F HC:E6 5@H? J@FC 6BF2E:@?D] p?5 H:E9@FE 2?J 4@?46C? H96E96C A6@A=6 2C6 6:E96C A2J:?8 2EE6?E:@? @C >66E:?8 J@F h_T @7 E96 H2J E96C6] *@F 42?VE 4=2:> J@FCD6=7 E@ 36 2 4@>>F?:42E@C F?=6DD J@F EFC? 2C@F?5[ 7246 E96 2F5:6?46[ 2?5 >66E E96> h_T @7 E96 H2J E@H2C5D H96C6G6C E96:C 3C2:? H:C:?8 :D] %9:D 92AA6?D 2== E96 E:>6] x 2=D@ 7:?5 E92E 9F>@C 6?23=6D A6@A=6 E@ D>:=6 H9:=6 E96JVC6 =62C?:?8[ 2?5 E96? E96J 4@>6 324< 7@C >@C6] qFE E96 =2?5D42A6 @7 9F>@C 92D 492?865[ 2D J@F DFC6=J <?@H[ @G6C E96 J62CD 2?5 6DA64:2==J @G6C E96 C646?E 564256D] r6CE2:? E9:?8D E92E H6C6 7F??J :? a___ 2C6 ?@E 7F??J E@52J 3642FD6 @FC D6?D:E:G:E:6D 92G6 366? C62=:8?65 @C 2C:D6?[ @C >2J36 E96 D6?D:E:G:E:6D H6C6 2=H2JD E96C6[ 3FE E96C6 H2D ?@ A=2E7@C>[ E@ A@D:E:@? E96>] $@[ J6D[ A=6?EJ @7 H@C5D] w2AA6?D 2== E96 E:>6]k^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i p== C:89E[ D@ =6EVD DE6A 324< 2 =:EE=6 3:E 2?5 H6 E2=< 23@FE]k^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i w6C6VD 2 8@@5 6I2>A=6] x HC@E6 23@FE E9:D :? E96 =2E6 h_D] $@ E9:D :D ad J62CD[ :? E96 42? C:89E ?@H @7[ 4@FCD6 :? D4:6?46[ :? 2 >62DFC6>6?E[ H6 DA62< @7 >62DFC6>6?E 6CC@CD] p?5 D@ E96 AF3=:4 H2?ED E@ <?@H H92E :D E96 2?DH6Cn p?5 E96J 5@?VE C62==J 92G6 >F49 H2J E@ 6>3C246 >62DFC6>6?E 6CC@CD] xE 5@6D?VE C62==J H@C< F?=6DD H6 C6EC2:? 6G6CJ@?6 :? D49@@=]k^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i x 5@?VE E9:?< 3@I 2?5 H9:D<6C A=@ED E6DE[ G6CJ H6==[ 5@ E96Jnk^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i tI24E=J] $@ H92E 92AA6?D :D x D2H 2 ?6HD 244@F?E @7[ 2 C6D62C49 A2A6C E92E 56D4C:365 E96 C6DF=E[ 2?5 :E D2:5[ @9[ 3FE[ :E 5:5?VE 42E49 @? 3642FD6 E96 A2A6C 925 2 =@E @7 6CC@CD :? :E] x D2:5[ H92E 5@6D E92E 6G6? >62?n p?5 E96? x C62=:K65 E96 A2A6C E2=<65 23@FE E96 >62DFC6>6?E 6CC@CD[ 2?5 E96 ;@FC?2=:DED E9@F89E E92E E9:D >62?E :E 925 6CC@CD] p?5 D@ xVG6 ?6G6C FD65 E96 H@C5 6CC@C F?=6DD :EVD 2 =:E6C2= 6CC@C] $@ x 492?865 6CC@C E@ F?46CE2:?EJ] x HC@E6 2? 6DD2J 42==65 r6CE2:? &?46CE2:?E:6D[ H96C6 x E2=<65 23@FE[ H96? J@F >62DFC6 D@>6E9:?8[ E96C6VD F?46CE2:?E:6D 2C@F?5 E9@D6 >62DFC6>6?ED] p?5 x 5@?VE 6G6? FD6 E96 H@C5 >2C8:? @7 6CC@C[ H9:49 :D DE:== FD65 H96? E96J C6A@CE A@=:E:42= G@E:?8 C6DF=ED] %92EVD 2 DE2CE] |2C8:? @7 6CC@C A=FD @C[ \bT E92E 42>6 :?[ :? E96 =2DE a_ J62CD] %92EVD G6CJ 8@@5] xEVD 2 DE2CE] qFE 6CC@C :D E96 HC@?8 H@C5 3642FD6 E96J 2C6 ?@E 6CC@CD] tG6? E9@F89 H6 FD6 E92E E6C>[ F?46CE2:?EJ DE:== H@C<D] %92E DE:== 92D D4:6?E:7:4 G2=:5:EJ[ 2?5 J@F 5@?VE 92G6 E@ 567:?6 :E 7@C E96 AF3=:4] %96J <?@H H92E 2? F?46CE2:?EJ :D] p?5 J@F 42? D2J D@>6 >62DFC65[ BF2?E:E:6D 2C6 >@C6 F?46CE2:? E92? @E96CD] %92E :D 2 4@>A=6E6=J F?56CDE2?523=6 D6?E6?46]k^Am

k9bm(92E H@F=5 92AA6? :7 E96 DF? :?DE2?E=J H6?E 2H2Jnk^9bm

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i p== C:89E[ 367@C6 x 4FE J@F =@@D6[ x 5@ 92G6 2 4@FA=6 @7 >@C6 E2?8:3=6 D4:6?46 BF6DE:@?D]k^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i $@CCJ x 92G6?VE 8:G6? J@F 2 492?46 E@ 2D<] }@[ E9:D :D EH@ BF6DE:@?D D@ 72C]k^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i %9:D :D ;FDE 6IEC2@C5:?2CJ] p?5 xV> 92AAJ E@ 92G6 J@F 96C6 2?5 E2=< 23@FE E96D6 E9:?8D] $@ x H2D C625:?8 E96 3@@< 2?5]k^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i (9:49 3@@<nk^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i %96 >@DE C646?E @?6] %@ :?7:?:EJ 2?5 36J@?5]k^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i *6D] yFDE 42>6 @FE EH@ >@?E9D 28@]k^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i $@[ DA665 @7 =:89E[ @7 4@FCD6[ H6 <?@H E96 DA665 @7 =:89E[ 2?5 :E E2<6D 6:89E >:?FE6D 7@C DF?=:89E E@ 86E E@ t2CE9]k^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i p3@FE E92E] *629]k^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i #:89E] ~?6 @7 E96 E9:?8D E92E x 92G6 EC@F3=6 E9:?<:?8 23@FE[ 2?5 E9:D :D @?6 @7 E96D6 4@D>:4 BF6CJ EJA6 E9:?8D[ DF? :?DE2?E=J 8@6D 2H2J] (6 H@F=5?VE <?@H 23@FE :E 7@C 6:89E >:?FE6D]k^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i %92EVD 4@CC64E] (6V5 DE:== @C3:E[ H6V5 DE:== 766= DF?=:89E[ H6V5 DE:== 766= 8C2G:EJ]k^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i %92EVD 6I24E=J H92E x H2?E65 E@ 2D<] s@6D E96 8C2G:E2E:@?2= :?7@C>2E:@? 2=D@ E2<6 6:89E >:?FE6Dn s@6D E96 t2CE9 DE:== 24E 2D :7 :E :D 8@:?8 :? @C3:E 2C@F?5 E96 DF?[ @C :D E92E 8C2G:E2E:@?2= 7@C46 :?DE2?E=J 8@?6nk^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i *629] $@[ E96C6VD 2 D=:89E[ DF3E=6 5:776C6?46 96C6] x? t:?DE6:?:2? 56D4C:AE:@? @7 8C2G:EJ[ 8C2G:EJ :D E96 4FCG2EFC6 @7 DA246E:>6] ~<2Jn $@ H6 2C6 @C3:E:?8 :? E9:D 4FCG65 DA246E:>6 4@?E:?FF> 42FD65 3J E96 DF?] p?5 E96 5:>A=6D :? 2 CF336C D966E 86E J@F >@DE @7 E96 H2J E@ F?56CDE2?5 E92E] (96C6 H6 2C6 D@CE @7[ DA:C2=:?8[ @C3:E:?8[ :? E96 5:>A=6] ~<2J] $@ :7 J@F :?DE2?E=J E2<6 2H2J E96 DF?[ E92E :D 2 492?86 :? E96 8C2G:E2E:@?2= 7:6=5] p?5 492?86D :? E96 8C2G:E2E:@?2= 7:6=5 >@G6 2E E96 DA665 @7 =:89E] $@ :E H@F=5 E2<6 6:89E >:?FE6D 7@C J@F E@ 6G6? <?@H E92E E96 DF?VD 8C2G:E2E:@?2= 7:6=5 H2D ?@ =@?86C @A6C2E:?8 @? t2CE9[ 2?5 H6 H@F=5 :?DE2?E=J 7=J @77 2E 2 E2?86?E :7 E92E H6C6 E96 42D6] x >62?[ 27E6C E96 6:89E >:?FE6D] t:89E >:?FE6D 2?5 a_ D64@?5D[ :7 J@F H2?E E@ 36 AC64:D6]k^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i #:89E]k^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i p?5[ t:?DE6:? 56>@?DEC2E65 E92E 8C2G:EJ H@F=5 >@G6 2E E96 D2>6 2D E96 DA665 @7 =:89E]k^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i p== C:89E[ 6I46==6?E]k^Am

k9bm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@? 6IA=2:?D 9:D DA62<:?8 E@FC 2?5 H92E E@ 6IA64Ek^9bm

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i {2DE E9:?8 367@C6 x =6E J@F 8@[ E2=< 2 =:EE=6 3:E 23@FE E9:D DA62<:?8 E@FC] xVG6 D66? :E 25G6CE:D65 2E 5:776C6?E E962E6CD D=:89E=J 5:776C6?E H2JD] xD :E 8@:?8 E@ 36 G6CJ 5:776C6?E 2E 6249 A=246[ @C :D E9:D <:?5 @7 2== EJ:?8 324< E@[ E@ :?7:?:EJ 2?5 36J@?5[ @C H92E 42? A6@A=6 <:?5 @7 6IA64Enk^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i $@ E92?<D 7@C ?@E:4:?8 E92E] $@[ >J DA62<:?8 E@FC :D 92C5=J 6G6C 3@C56C:?8 @? ?6G6C C6=2E65 E@ 3@@<D E92E xVG6 ;FDE AF3=:D965] %96 DA62<:?8 E@FC :D x 86E :?G:E65 3J 2 4:EJ[ 2?5 >2?J 4:E:6D 24C@DD E96 4@F?ECJ[ 72D4:?2E:?8=J[ 92G6 E9:D D@CE @7 @=5 8C2?5 s2> E962E6C 7C@> `__ J62CD 28@[ E92E :7 E96C6VD >F?:4:A2= 7F?5D[ EJA:42==J E96C6 2C6 @C 3FD:?6DD :?E6C6DED[ E96J 7:I :E FA 2?5 H92E 5@ J@F 42== :En #6?@G2E6] p?5 E96J 7:I FA E96 >@=5:?8 2?5 E96 DE2EF6D 2?5 E96 8:=5:?8] p?5 D@ :EVD 362FE:7F= DA246D] p?5 E96D6 2C6 324< H96? 8@:?8 E@ 2 E962E6C[ J@F H@F=5 5C6DD FA E@ 8@ E@ D66 >@G:6D :? E96 >@G:6 E962E6C] $@ >2?J @7 E96> 4@>6 7C@> E92E 6C2] $@ >2?J E@H?D 92G6 DF49 E962E6CD[ 2?5 E96J C6>2:? :? 24E:G6 FD6] x 86E :?G:E65 E@ 2 4:EJ E@ AC6D6?E[ 2?5 D@ xV>[ 9@?@C65 2?5 7=2EE6C65] x 8:G6 E96> 2 =:DE @7 EH6=G6 E@ `d A@DD:3=6 E@A:4D E92E E96J 49@@D6 7C@>[ 2?5 E96? E96J E6== >6[ H6 H2?E J@F E@ 4@>6 E2=< @? E9:D DF3;64E] p?5 E92EVD H92E x 5@] $@ 7@C #:49>@?5[ E96J A:4<65 E96 E@A:4 E92E xVG6 8:G6? E96>] r@D>:4 4@==:D:@?D] ~9[ >J 8@D9] r@D>:4 E9:?8D E92E 8@ 3F>A :? E96 ?:89E] %96C6VD D@ >2?J E9:?8D E92E 4@==:56] $E2CD 4@==:56[ 82=2I:6D 4@==:56[ 3=24< 9@=6D 4@==:56] pDE6C@:5D 4@==:56 H:E9 t2CE9] (6 4@==:565 H:E9 2? 2DE6C@:5 C646?E=J E@ ECJ E@ 567=64E :E] $@ :EVD 6G6CJE9:?8 E92EVD 8@:?8 @? :? E96 F?:G6CD6] %9:D :562 E92E[ @9[ H6 =:G6 :? 2 DE2E:4[ 362FE:7F=] }@[ E96 F?:G6CD6 :D 2 D9@@E:?8 82==6CJ] p?5 D@ xV> E96C6 E@ E2=< 23@FE 9@H >F49 @7 2 D9@@E:?8 82==6CJ :E :D] p?5 J6D[ x 92G6 D@>6 G:56@D[ D=:56D[ 2?5 :EVD >@DE=J >6 E2=<:?8[ 3FE E92EVD H92E #:49>@?5 :D 86EE:?8] %96C6 2C6 @E96C E@A:4D[ x E9:?< xVG6 366? :? E9:D G6?F6 367@C6] ~E96C E@A:4D E92E 6:E96C E96J 5:5?VE 49@@D6 3642FD6 x H2D E96C6 2 4@FA=6 @7 J62CD 28@ @C ?@E H@F=5 36 E96 D62C49 7@C =:76 :? E96 F?:G6CD6] p?5 E92EVD 4@?E:?F2==J 36:?8 FA52E65 H:E9 E96 4@?8C6DD:@?2= 962C:?8D @? 2=:6?D 2?5 2== @7 E9:D] %92EVD 2 H9@=6 E@A:4[ D62C49 7@C =:76 :? E96 F?:G6CD6] ~?6 @7 >J 72G@C:E6D :D 2? 2DEC@A9JD:4:DE 8@6D E@ E96 >@G:6D[ 2?5 E92EVD H96C6 x 9:89=:89E 2== >2??6C @7 D46?6D[ ?@E ;FDE 7C@> $4:\u: 7:=>D[ 3FE @E96C 7:=>D J@F H@F=5 ?6G6C :>28:?6 42C65 23@FE D4:6?46] *6E E96C6VD D4:6?46 :? :E[ 6:E96C 5@?6 G6CJ H6== @C 5@?6 G6CJ 325=J] p?5 x 9:89=:89E E92E] p?5 E92E H2D D@ A@AF=2C] %96C6’D 2 D6BF6= E@ :E 42==65 2? 2DEC@A9JD:4:DE 8@6D E@ E96 >@G:6D] %96 D6BF6=[ 2?J9@H[ E92EVD ;FDE 2 D>2EE6C:?8 @7 E96 E@A:4D] p?5 EJA:42==J E96C6VD 2 3@@< E92E x HC:EE6? C646?E=J[ 2?5 :7 E96 E962E6C :D :?E6C6DE65[ E96J >:89E E2D< 2 =@42=[ :?5:6 AF3=:D96C E@ D6== E96> :? E96 =@33J] qFE >@DE @7 E96 E:>6[ E92EVD ?@E H92E 92AA6?D] p?5 :7 E96J 5@[ :E 92D ?@E9:?8 E@ 5@ H:E9 E96 E2=<] x? @E96C H@C5D[ H96? x 8@ @?[ BF@E6[ E@FC[ xV>[ ?@E ECJ:?8 E@ D6== J@F 2?JE9:?8] xV> 2 D6CG2?E @7 J@FC 2AA6E:E6[ @7 J@FC 4@D>:4 2AA6E:E6[ 2D 564=2C65 3J E96 9@DE 7@C H92E6G6C :EVD E96:C ;F58>6?E @7 E96 2F5:6?46VD :?E6C6DE]k^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i tI46==6?E]k^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i (6==[ xVG6 8@E E96 3@@<] xEVD H@?56C7F=] p?5 A6CD@?2==J[ E92?< J@F 7@C[ 2D 2 >6E6@C@=@8:DE[ E92?< J@F 7@C DE2CE:?8 H:E9 E96 2E>@DA96C6 :? E96 3@@<]k^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i ~9[ H6 5:5] %92?<D 7@C ?@E:4:?8 E92E H6 DE2CE]k^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i ~9[ x ?@E:465 E92E C:89E 2H2J]k^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i *629[ E96C6VD 2 H9@=6 5:D4FDD:@? @7 E96 2E>@DA96C6[ 3642FD6 E96 3@@<[ E@ :?7:?:EJ 2?5 36J@?5[ 3J E96 H2J[ :EVD 2 362FE:7F= 3@@<] x H@F=5 D2J E92E 6G6? :7 x H2D ?@E 4@\2FE9@C @7 :E[ x 4@\HC@E6 :E H:E9 @FC =@?8E:>6 D6?:@C[ AC@5F46C 7@C $E2CE2=< >J A@542DE] %9:D :D 2 4@==23@C2E:@? 36EH66? $E2C %2=< 2?5 }2E:@?2= v6@8C2A9:4 3@@<D] p?5 D@ E96 3@@< :D[ E96J 5@?VE <?@H 9@H E@ >2<6 2? F8=J 3@@<] %9:D :D }2E:@?2= v6@8C2A9:4[ D@ :EVD 9:89=J :==FDEC2E65] p?5 :EVD 2? 6IA=@C2E:@? @7 H92E :E H2D =:<6 DE2?5:?8 7=2E 7@@E65 @? t2CE9[ =@@<:?8 FA] p?5 H92E 5:5 :E E2<6 7@C FD E@ 2D46?5 7C@> t2CE9 E@ E96 DE2CD 2?5 <?@H H6 8@ 7C@> x42CFDn %92EVD 2 ?:46 7:CDE DE@CJ E@ E6==] p?5 x42CFD 5:6D] p?5 J@F D2J E@ J@FCD6=7[ H6==[ @9[ xV> ?@E 8@:?8 E@ ECJ E@ 7=J] ~C J@FVC6 8@:?8 E@ D2J[ H6==[ =6E >6 >2J36 56D:8? E96 H:?8D 5:776C6?E=J @7 2 5:776C6?E >2E6C:2= C2E96C E92? H2I] ~<2J] p?5 @7 4@FCD6[ E96J E9@F89E E92E E6>A6C2EFC6 H@F=5 86E 9:896C 2D J@F 2D46?565 E96 2E>@DA96C6[ H96?[ @7 4@FCD6[ E96 6I24E @AA@D:E6 :D E96 42D6] p?5 D@ :EVD 7F? E@ 6IA=@C6 H92E H2D :>28:?65 E@ 36 D@CE @7 :?7:?:E6=J 72C 2H2J :? E96 9:DE@CJ @7 E9:D BF6DE] (6 H@F=5 E96? 4@?BF6C :E] {6E >6 FD6 2 =6DD >:=:E2C:DE:4 H@C5] (6 H@F=5 E96? 249:6G6 E9@D6 8@2=D[ 2?5 E96? H6VC6 DE2?5:?8 :? 2 ?6H A=246 ?@H] (6 2C6 ?@H :? 32==@@?D[ 2?5 H6 42? D2J[ H6==[ 9@H 5@ H6 7=J H:E9 ?@E 2 32==@@?] }@H H6 92G6 2:CA=2?6D[ 2?5 9@H 5@ H6 7=J @FE @7 E96 2E>@DA96C6n (6 92G6 C@4<6ED] w@H 5@ H6 7=J 36J@?5n w@H 5@ H6 7=J E@ E96 >@@?n w@H 5@ H6 7=J 36J@?5 E96 >@@?n (6==[ H6 42?VE 5@ E92E J6E[ 3FE H6 42? D6?5 @FC C@3@E:4 6>:DD2C:6D] w@H 5@ H6 8@ 36J@?5 E9@D6n (6==[ E96? @FC >:?5 E2<6D FD E96C6] p== C:89E] p?5 D@ A2CE @7 E9:D BF6DE[ E96 H9@=6 3@@< 49C@?:4=6D 2?5 DE@CJE6==D E9:D BF6DE[ H9:49 :D BF:E6[ E96 ?@3=6DE E9:?8] ~FC DA64:6D 5:5 :E[ 2?5 ?@ @?6 @E96C[ DA64:6D 4@>6D 4=@D6 E@ 6G6? H@?56C:?8 E92E E9:D 4@F=5 36 D@>6E9:?8 H6 4@F=5 5@] $@ x 8@E E@ 92?5 :E E@ 9F>2?D[ E@ >2<:?8 E9:D H@C< :? E92E H2J] $@[ J629[ E92E 3@@< @?=J ;FDE 42>6 @FE EH@ >@?E9D 28@ 2?5 G6CJ AC@F5 @7 :E[ 2?5 :EVD 2 G6CJ 362FE:7F=] p?5 E96 s}p @7 >J A@542DE[ $E2C %2=<[ :D D4:6?46[ A@A 4F=EFC6[ 2?5 9F>@C] x >6?E:@?65 9F>@C 62C=:6C] %96 A@A 4F=EFC6 A2CE :D J@F D9@H FA 2E E96 5@@C H:E9 2 A@A 4F=EFC6 D4277@=5 E92E x 2=C625J <?@H[ 3642FD6 E92EVD E96 567:?:E:@? @7 A@A 4F=EFC6] xEVD 2 4@>>@? <?@H=6586] x 5@?VE 92G6 E@ D2J H9@ q6J@?4é :D @C H92E 2 7@@E32== 7:6=5 =@@<D =:<6] %96C6VD 46CE2:? 7F?52>6?E2=D E92E 2C6 @FE E96C6] (6 E2<6 E96 D4:6?46 2?5 4=25 :E @?E@ E92E D4277@=5 D@ E92E J@F 2=C625J 42C6 23@FE D@>6E9:?8[ 2?5 ?@H J@F 42C6 23@FE :E >@C6 3642FD6 xVG6 25565 >@C6 :?7@C>2E:@? 7@C J@F E@ 46=63C2E6 23@FE E96 E9:?8 E9:D A@A 4F=EFC6 E9:?8 J@F 42C65 23@FE] !@:?E :D[ :? E9:D 3@@<[ H6 5@ E92E 4@?E:?F2==J] x7 E96C6VD 2 w@==JH@@5 >@G:6 E92E E@F496D D@>6 @7 E96 E@A:4D E92E H6 255C6DD[ E9:D :D =:<6 E96 D46?6CJ 2=@?8 E96 H2J @7 E96 3@@<] x 5:A :?E@ E96 >@G:6 2?5 H6 E2=< 23@FE 9@H H6== E96 >@G:6 5:5 @C 5:5?VE[ A@CEC2J E92E A9JD:4D]k^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i (@?56C7F=] sC] %JD@?[ x <?@H J@FVG6 8@E E@ 86E 8@:?8[ D@ E92?< J@F D@ >F49 7@C J@FC E:>6] $9@FE @FE E@ r9F4<[ ?:46 2?5 2== E96 E62> E96C6 2E $E2C %2=<] {@G6 E96 H@C<[ =@G6 H92E 96 3C:?8D E@ :E 2D H6==] p?5 H96? J@F 92G6 E96 8F6DE[ >J]k^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i r@>65:2?[ >J 4@\9@DE[ 4@>65:2? @C 7@:=]k^Am

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i qFE[ :EVD H@?56C7F=] %92?< J@F D@ >F49] {@@<:?8 7@CH2C5 E@ D66:?8 J@F[ H96? J@FVC6 5@H? 96C6 :? #:49>@?5 ?6IE H66<] p?5 EC2G6= D276[ D:C]k^Am

kAm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@?i tI46==6?E] %92?< J@F 7@C E9@D6 H6== H:D96D]k^Am

k9bm}6:= 56vC2DD6 %JD@? D2JD J@F 92G6 E@ C6249 A6@A=6 H96C6 E96J 2C6k^9bm

kAm$62? $F3=6EE6i p?5 8FJD] x H2D ;FDE 23D@=FE6=J :? >J 6=6>6?E E2=<:?8 H:E9 9:> 23@FE D4:6?46 2?5 9@H E@ 4@>>F?:42E6 D4:6?46[ 2?5 E96 E9:?8D J@F H2?E E@ 5@[ 2D 96 D2:5[ E@ C6249 A6@A=6 H96C6 E96J 2C6] x =6E >J 52F89E6C <?@H x H2D 5@:?8 E9:D 2?5 D96 C62==J 6>A92D:K65 E9:D A@:?E E92E 96 >256 :D E92E J@F 92G6 E@ >66E A6@A=6 h_T @7 H96C6 E96J 2C6 2=C625J] s@?VE EFC? J@FC 324< 2?5 HC:E6 @? 2 492=<3@2C5] {@@< 2E A6@A=6[ 36 H:E9 A6@A=6[ F?56CDE2?5 H96C6 E96J 2C6 E@ >2<6 E92E 4@??64E:@? H:E9 E96>] %92E :D D@ <6J :? E9:D 52J 2?5 p86]k^Am

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