The environment of fear and crimes that made up the Reign of Terror | Late Edition: Crime Beat Chronicles podcast

kAm%96 =2E6DE 6A:D@56 @7 {2E6 t5:E:@?i rC:>6 q62E r9C@?:4=6D :D :? A2CE?6CD9:A H:E9 E96 %F=D2 (@C=5 E@ :?EC@5F46 E96 DE@CJ @7 E96 ~D286 #6:8? @7 %6CC@C 2?5 E96 FA4@>:?8 7:=> k6>mz:==6CD @7 E96 u=@H6C |@@?k^6>m]k^Am

kAmx? E9:D 6A:D@56[ D9@H AC@5F46C p>3C6 |@E@? :D ;@:?65 3J EH@ HC:E6CD 7C@> E96 %F=D2 (@C=5[ k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^EF=D2H@C=5]4@>^FD6CD^AC@7:=6^C2?5JTa_<C693:6=^Qm#2?5J zC693:6=k^2m 2?5 k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^EF=D2H@C=5]4@>^FD6CD^AC@7:=6^E:>Ta_DE2?=6J^Qm%:> $E2?=6Jk^2m[ E@ 5:D4FDD E96 >@E:G6D 7@C E96 >FC56CD 2?5 56E2:= D@>6 @7 E96 4C:>6D 2?5 E96 6?G:C@?>6?E @7 762C E92E E96 #6:8? @7 %6CC@C 42FD65 :? E96 ~D286 4@>>F?:EJ]k^Am

kAm#625 2== @7 E96 4@G6C286 @7 E96 7:=> k6>mz:==6CD @7 E96 u=@H6C |@@? k^6>m2?5 C6=2E65 DE@C:6D k2 9C67lQ9EEADi^^EF=D2H@C=5]4@>^=:76\6?E6CE2:?>6?E^=@42=^>@G:6D\EG^<:==6CD\@7\E96\7=@H6C\>@@?\D66\2==\@FC\4@G6C286\96C6^4@==64E:@?0edcabh`2\ea`a\``66\27e7\6bacc`5gbfeh]9E>=RcQm96C6k^2m]k^Am

k9bm|@C6 6A:D@56D @? E96 #6:8? @7 %6CC@C 2?5 Qz:==6CD @7 E96 u=@H6C |@@?Qk^9bm

k9C ^m

k9C ^m

kAmkDEC@?8mtA:D@56 EC2?D4C:AEk^DEC@?8mk^Am

kAmk6>m}@E6i %96 7@==@H:?8 EC2?D4C:AE H2D 4C62E65 3J $=24< 2?5 >2J 4@?E2:? >:DDA6==:?8D 2?5 @E96C :?244FC24:6D 2D :E H2D 86?6C2E65 2FE@>2E:42==Jik^6>mk^Am

kAm(6=4@>6 E@ {2E6 t5:E:@? rC:>6 q62E r9C@?:4=6D[ 2 {66 t?E6CAC:D6D !@542DE] xV> p>3C6 |@E@?[ E96 AC@5F46C 2?5 65:E@C @7 E96 D9@H[ 7:==:?8 :? 7@C }2E r2C5@?2 H9@VD E2<:?8 D@>6 H6==\56D6CG65 E:>6 @77] x7 J@F 92G6?VE =:DE6?65 E@ E96 =2DE 6A:D@56 :?EC@5F4:?8 @FC =2E6DE E@A:4[ %96 ~D286 #6:8? @7 %6CC@C] v@ 4964< :E @FE 367@C6 =:DE6?:?8 E@ E9:D @?6] k^Am

kAm%@52J[ H6VC6 4@?E:?F:?8 @FC =@@< 2E E96 D6C:6D @7 DFDA:4:@FD 562E9D :? E96 `ha_D @7 >6>36CD @7 E96 ~D286 EC:36 :? ~<=29@>2 :? E96 62C=J `h__D]k^Am

kAm~:= H2D 7@F?5 @? E96 =2?5 E92E E96 ~D286 :D 925 AFC492D65[ 3FE E96 %F=D2 (@C=5VD #2?5J zC693:6= 6IA=2:?D >@C6]k^Am

kAm%96 DE@CJ :D E92E 7@C 2 =@?8[ =@?8 E:>6[ x?5:2?D 925 <?@H? E92E E96C6 H6C6 E96D6 @:= D66AD] *@F <?@H[ H6VC6 D66:?8 @:= H@F=5 D66A @FE @7 E96 8C@F?5 2?5 :EV5 36 :? DAC:?8D 2?5 E9:?8D =:<6 E92E] qFE E9C@F89 >@DE @7 E96 `g__D[ E96C6 H2D?VE C62==J 2 =@E @7 FD6 7@C E92E] (6==[ E96J E96J 24EF2==J E96J H@F=5 FD6 :E 7@C =:<6 C:> C6>65:6D 2?5 E9:?8D =:<6 E92E]k^Am

kAmxE H2D 4@?D:56C65 >65:4:?2=] p?5 D@[ @7 4@FCD6[ :E H2D?VE F?E:= E96 :?G6?E:@? @7 E9:?8D =:<6 <6C@D6?6 =2>AD 2?5 E96 :?E6C?2= 4@>3FDE:@? 6?8:?6 E92E E92E @:= 3642>6 >@C6 G2=F23=6] p?5 D@ E96 7:CDE E96 7:CDE 4@>>6C4:2= @:= H6== :? ~<=29@>2 @C H92E 3642>6 ~<=29@>2[ E9:D H2D 4@>A=6E65 :? `ghf[ ;FDE @FED:56 E96 ~D286 #6D6CG2E:@?[ ;FDE @? E96 62DE6C? 6586 @7 :E]k^Am

kAmp?5 2 4@FA=6 @7 J62CD =2E6C[ E96 7:CDE H6== E96? H2D 5C:==65 :? ~<=29@>2 2?5 23@FE E92E E:>6] p?5 D@ E9:D H2D 2C@F?5[ J@F <?@H[ 2C@F?5 `h__] p?5 E92E H2D 23@FE E96 E:>6 H6 H6C6 DE2CE:?8 E@ D66 >@E@C G69:4=6D 2?5 2?5 282:?[ <6C@D6?6 H2D 2=C625J AC6EEJ A@AF=2C] !6@A=6 E6?5 E@ 7@C86E E92E E96 7:CDE FD6 @7 @:= 2D 2D H6 E9:?< @7 :E E@52J[ H2D 24EF2==J <6C@D6?6 2?5 E@ FD6 :? =2>AD 2?5 E9:?8D =:<6 E92E]k^Am

kAm$@ 2?JH2J[ E92E H2D :? E96 62C=J `h__D[ 2C@F?5 `h__] p?5 3J ~ `h_d @C `h_e[ E96J <?6H E96J 925[ J@F <?@H[ BF:E6 2 3:E C:89E 2C@F?5 E96 E:>6 @7 (@C=5 (2C ~?6 :D H96? :E C62==J A:4<65 FA 7C@> =:<6 23@FE[ J@F <?@H[ 23@FE E96 >:5 `h E66?D E9C@F89 2C@F?5 `hah H2D <:?5 @7 E96 96:89E @7 E96 @:= 3@@>]k^Am

kAmp?5 E96 ~D286 ?2E:@?[ E96 ~D286 :D 24EF2==J 925 C6=2E:G6 =:EE=6 4@?EC@= @G6C E96:C @H? 2772:CD] p=>@DE 2== @7 E92E H2D 92?5=65 3J H92E ?@H :D E96 qFC62F @7 x?5:2? p772:CD @C @C 3J E96 8F2C5:2?D E92E H6C6 2AA@:?E65] *@F <?@H[ 2 =@E @7 2 =@E @7 E96> 925 D@>63@5J H9@ H2D 2AA@:?E65 E@ 92?5=6 E96:C 3FD:?6DD 2772:CD 3642FD6 E96J H6C6 ?@E E9@F89E E@ 36 4@>A6E6?E E@ 92?5=6 E96:C 3FD:?6DD 2772:CD]k^Am

kAm$@ 2 =@E @7 E92E H2D @FE @7 E96:C 92?5D] p?5 2=D@[ x E9:?< 2 =@E @7 E96>[ 6DA64:2==J E96 @=56C @?6D[ AC@323=J 5:5?VE 6G6? C62==J 4@>A=6E6=J F?56CDE2?5 H92E H2D 8@:?8 @?] qFE H96? E96J 7:CDE >@G65 E96C6[ E96J AC@323=J >2:?=J H2?E65 E@ ;FDE 36 =67E 2=@?6 2?5 2?5 :E AC6EEJ 3642>6 AC6EEJ D@@? 3642>6 2AA2C6?E E92E E96J H6C6 ?@E 8@:?8 E@ 36 23=6 E@ 5@ E92E]k^Am

kAm(96? 5:5 E96 ~D286 C6:8? @7 E6CC@C C62==J 368:?nk^Am

kAm%96C6VD ?@E C62==J 2 567:?:E6 52E6] $@ E96 <:==6CD @7 E96 u=@H6C |@@?[ 32D:42==J E96 3@@< 7@==@H E96 :D 2 A6C:@5 7C@> 23@FE `ha` E@ 23@FE `hah] qFE E96C6 H6C6 AC@323=J A6@A=6 5J:?8 2D 62C=J 2D `h`a[ `h`_ @C D@>6E9:?8 =:<6 E92E] p?5 :?E6C6DE:?8=J 6?@F89[ x >62?[ D:>:=2C EJA6 E9:?8D H6C6 8@:?8 @? :? E96 25;@:?:?8 |FD<@866 rC66< }2E:@?] %96 r96C@<66D 925 D@>6 @7 E92E 8@:?8 @?]k^Am

kAmxE H2D 2 5:776C6?E D:EF2E:@? 3642FD6 H:E9 E96 ~D286[ 2D E96J 2== H96? E96J DE2CE65[ E96J 2== 925 6BF2= D92C6] $@ 2?J ~D286 H2D H@CE9[ J@F <?@H[ D@>6 D@>6 D@CE @7 >@?6J 7C@> E96:C 9625] #:89E] (96C62D H:E9 E96 |FD<@866 2?5 E96 r96C@<66D[ E96:C >:?6C2= C:89ED H6C6 E:65 E@ E96:C :?5:G:5F2= 2==@E>6?E] $@ :7 J@F H6C6 :7 J@F H6C6 2 >6>36C[ @?6 @7 E9@D6 EC:36D E92E 925 2 A2CE:4F=2C=J G2=F23=6 2==@E>6?E[ J@F 4@F=5 36 E2C86E65]k^Am

kAmp?5 2?5 D@ :? D@>6 42D6D[ J@F <?@H[ `h D:I[ `h_f[ `h_g[ E96C6 H6C6 A6@A=6 H9@ H6C6 5:D2AA62C:?8] $@>6 @7 E96> EFC?65 FA 2=:G6 D@>6H96C6 6=D6] $@>6 @7 E96> H6C6 ?6G6C 7@F?5] pD 72C 2D E96 ~D286[ :E C62==J 3682? E@ :?E6?D:7J] xE D66>D =:<6[ J@F <?@H[ `h[ AC@323=J 2C@F?5 `ha_] p?5 E92E 4@:?4:56D H:E9 H96? E96 E96 E96 E96 E96 96:89E @7 E96 3@@>]k^Am

kAm$@[ J@F <?@H[ E96 3@@> H2D C62==J E2<:?8 @77 :? E96 =2E6 E66?D[ 62C=J EH6?E:6D] qJ E96 =2E6 EH6?E:6D[ xV> D@CCJ[ E96 =2E6 E66?D[ 62C=J EH6?E:6D[ :E H2D AC6EEJ H6== DF3D:5:?8 3J E96 =2E6 EH6?E:6D]k^Am

kAmp G6CJ BF:4< C6>:?56C 23@FE E96 ~D286 2D >:?6C2= C:89ED[ E96 @C:8:?2= 2==@E>6?ED @7 E96 >:?6C2= C:89ED H6C6 5:G:565 :?E@ @G6C aa__ D92C6D[ H9:49 H6C6 42==65 9625 C2E6D 2D A6@A=6 5:65[ 925 323:6D[ 8@E >2CC:65[ 6E4] E9@D6 C:89ED 3682? >@G:?8 2C@F?5 2?5 J@F 925 D@>6 A6@A=6 H:E9 >F=E:A=6 C:89ED 2?5 D@>6 H:E9 7C24E:@?2= C:89ED] |2<:?8 E9:?8D 6G6? >@C6 4@>A=:42E65 H2D E96 23:=:EJ E@ A2DD 925 C:89ED E@ ?@?\EC:32= 2C62D]k^Am

kAmx DA@<6 H:E9 #2?5:VD 4@==628F6[ %:> $E2?=6J 23@FE E96 D6C:6D @7 4C:>6D E92E 62C?65 E96 ?2>6 E96 ~D286 C6:8? @7 E6CC@C]k^Am

kAmx 2> %:> $E2?=6J[ C6A@CE6C 96C6 7@C E96 %F=D2 (@C=5 92G6 366? H:E9 E96 H@C=5 7@C 2 =:EE=6 @G6C a_ J62CD[ E96 C6:8? @7 E6CC@C] x E9:?< E92E H2D 2 E6C> E92E H2D AC@323=J 4@:?65 >2J36 3J 2 ;@FC?2=:DE] xV> ?@E C62= DFC6 @7 E96 @C:8:?D @7 :E[ 3FE x <?@H :E 5:5 2AA62C :? D@>6 @7 E96 ?6HDA2A6CD @7 E96 E:>6[ 3FE :E H2D 2 C676C6?46 E@ 2 D6C:6D @7 >FC56CD E92E E@@< A=246 2>@?8 ~D286 }2E:@? EC:32= >6>36CD :? E96 62C=J `h__D]k^Am

kAm$A64:7:42==J[ x E9:?< E96J 52E6 E96> @C @77:4:2==J E@ =:<6 `ha` E@ ae[ E92E 2 7:G6 J62C DA2?] ~7 4@FCD6[ 2D H6 2D s2G:5 vC2?E :? 9:D 3@@< 92D A@:?E65 @FE[ 2?5 2D H6 2=D@ 5:5 :? @FC D6C:6D[ E96 E96 6I24E J62CD E92E E9:D E@@< A=246 2?5 E96 ECF6 ?F>36C @7 G:4E:>D AC@323=J H6C6 AC@323=J E2=<:?8 23@FE 2 >F49 =2C86C DA2? E92? ;FDE E92E 7:G6 J62CD]k^Am

kAmqFE E96 >FC56CD H6C6[ J@F <?@H[ 4@>>:EE65 3J x >62?[ E96C6 H2D 2 4@?DA:C24J :?G@=G65] qFE 2E E96 D2>6 E:>6[ E96C6 H6C6 2 =@E @7 A6@A=6 ;FDE :?5:G:5F2==J E2<:?8 E96 @AA@CEF?:EJ E96J D2H E@ E@ 4962E 2?5 6IA=@:E 2?5 H9:E6 A6@A=6 E2<:?8 E96 @AA@CEF?:EJ E@ 4962E 2?5 6IA=@:E E96:C ~D286 ?6:893@CD E96C6 :? ~D286 r@F?EJ] qFE J629[ x ;FDE x >62?[ x E9:?< DA64:7:42==J E96 C6:8? @7 E6CC@C 2?5 E96 H@C5 E6CC@C E96C6 C676CD E@[ J@F <?@H[ ;FDE 9@H E9:D 2E>@DA96C6 @7 5C625 2?5 E6CC@C E92E E92E C62==J >2E6C:2=:K65 :? ~D286 r@F?EJ]k^Am

kAmp>@?8 E96 EC:32= 4:E:K6?D] %96C627E6C[ x E9:?< E96 7:CDE E9C66 @C 7@FC <:==:?8D[ x >62?[ H96? :E <:?5 @7 3642>6 @3G:@FD E92E E92E E96D6 H6C6 4@??64E65 2?5 E92E A@E6?E:2==J 2?J@?6 H9@ H2D 2 >6>36C @7 E96 EC:36 4@F=5 36 ?6IE] $@[ J629[ :E H2D x >62?[ 2D C6A@CE65 :? E96 ?6HDA2A6CD 2E E96 E:>6 2?5 2D s2G:5 vC2?? 2?5 @E96CD 92G6 49C@?:4=65[ :E H2D 2 E:>6 @7 96:89E6?65 762C]k^Am

kAm*@F 925 >2?J E9:D H2D x >62?[ E96 6=64EC:4 =:89E 3F=3 :? E92E 2E E92E E:>6 H2D DE:== 2 C6=2E:G6=J ?6H :??@G2E:@?] qFE 7@C 2 =@E @7 E96 A6@A=6[ ~D286 EC:32= >6>36CD =:G:?8 @FED:56 @7 E96 E@H? @7 !2H9FD<2 @C D@>6 @7 E96 @E96C E@H?D[ E96J =:G65 :? E96 4@F?ECJD:56] p?5 vC2?E 56D4C:36D E9:D :? 9:D 3@@< E92E E96J 3682? E@ AFE FA 6=64EC:4 =:89ED @? E96:C AC@A6CE:6D 2E ?:89E :? DF49 2 H2J E92E E96J ;FDE C62==J 2C6 D9@H? 7@C >:=6D 2C@F?5]k^Am

kAmp?5 E96J H6C6 5@:?8 E92E C62==J @FE @7 762C[ @FE @7 H92E >:89E 36 @FE E96C6 :? E96 52C<?6DD] ~7 4@FCD6[ 2D 2D H6 H@F=5 4@>6 E@ 7:?5 @FE[ :E H2D =6DD E96 52?86C E92E H2D @FE E96C6 :? E96 52C<?6DD] u@C >2?J @7 E96D6 7@=<D] xE H2D =6DD H92E H2D @FE E96C6 2D @AA@D65 E@ H92E H2D H2D :?D:56 2?5 4=@D6 E@ E96>]k^Am

kAm|2?J @7 E96 >FC56CD[ 2D :E EFC?D @FE[ H6C6 4@>>:EE65 G6CJ D25=J 3J A6@A=6 %96J ECFDE65[ A6@A=6 E96J <?6H[ 72>:=J >6>36CD[ 4=@D6 72>:=J >6>36CD[ DA@FD6D[ A6@A=6 H9@ H9@ H@F=5 E96? 92G6 2446DD E@ E96:C @:= H62=E9[ H9:49 H2D C62==J E96 >@E:G6 369:?5 :E 2==]k^Am

kAmw@H >2?J G:4E:>D H6C6 E96C6 @77:4:2==Jnk^Am

kAm~77:4:2==J[ E9:D :D E9:D :D H96C6 :EVD :?E6C6DE:?8[ E96 ?F>36C E92E 92D 366? E@DD65 2C@F?5[ J@F <?@H[ 7@C J62CD[ 6G6? 367@C6 E96 8C2?5 3@@< H2D H2D ac] p?5 H96C6 E92E]k^Am

kAm(9:49 :D 2 =@E :? 2 ?FED96==]k^Am

kAm%92EVD 567:?:E6=J x >62?[ :E D9@F=5 36 6J6 @A6?:?8[ ;FDE 2D :E :D E@52J] !6@A=6 <?@H H96C6 E92E 4@>6D 7C@>] xEVD :?E6C6DE:?8[ *@F <?@H[ E96 7656C2= :?G6DE:82E@CD 2E E96 E:>6 H9@ :?G6DE:82E65 E9:D 42D6 2?5 F=E:>2E6=J[ J@F <?@H[ 3C@F89E 492C86D E92E E92E ?F>36C H2D @?6 E92E E96J AFE @FE E96C6] p?5 x E9:?< E96:C 6I24E H@C5D H6C6 E96J 36=:6G65 E92E E96C6 H6C6 2E =62DE ac G:4E:>D]k^Am

kAm$@ E96J H6C6 6G6?[ J@F <?@H[ :? E96:C =2?8F286[ x E9:?<[ =62G:?8 :E @A6? 7@C >@C6] qFE E96 ac[ J@F <?@H[ E92EVD E92EVD E96 ?F>36C E92E 92D D@CE @7 366?[ J@F <?@H[ 4@?D:56C65 @77:4:2=] qFE[ J@F <?@H[ E96 AC@3=6> H:E9 :E[ 2D J@F <?@H[ 2D H6 2D H@F=5 2D H6 7@F?5 @FE 2?5 :? @FC @H? C6A@CE:?8 2?5 2D 92D 366? C6A@CE65[ J@F <?@H[ >J 8C2?5 J@F <?@H[ E96 %c[ J@F <?@H[ :D AC@323=J H6== D9J[ H6== D9@CE @7 H92E E96 ECF6 ?F>36C H2D]k^Am

kAm*@F <?@H[ E96 AC@3=6> H:E9 E96 ac :D E92E 2?5 2?5 :EVD 8:G6? C:D6 E@ D@ >F49 DA64F=2E:@? :D :? D2J:?8 E92E E96C6 H6C6 2E =62DE ac J@F <?@H[ 7656C2= :?G6DE:82E@CD 5:5?VE 8:G6 J@F 8:G6 @C AC@G:56 2 =:DE @7 E9@D6 ac] $@ 2== H6VG6 366? 23=6 E@ 5@[ J@F <?@H[ :? C6EC@DA64E[ 2?5 E92E :?4=F56D[ J@F <?@H[ E96 EC:32= >6>36CD H9@VG6 =@@<65 :?E@ E9:D[ :D D@CE @7 DA64F=2E6 2E E96 E@A 7@C E96>D6=G6D]k^Am

kAm}@H[ D@>6 @7 E96> 2C6 @3G:@FD] %9C66 9@>:4:56D E92E 6?565 FA[ J@F <?@H[ 492C86D 36:?8 3C@F89E :? E92E H6C6 :?G6DE:82E65 2D 9@>:4:56D] qFE E96? J@F 925 >2?J @E96CD E92E H6C6 ;FDE E96 4:C4F>DE2?46D H6C6 AC@323=J DFDA:4:@FD[ 3FE E96J H6C6 ?6G6C :?G6DE:82E65 2D 9@>:4:56D] xEVD ;FDE :EVD C62==J :? @E96C H@C5D[ :EVD C62==J 92C5 E@ 4@>6 FA H:E9 2 567:?:E:G6 =:DE @7 E96 ac E92E[ J@F <?@H[ 7656C2= :?G6DE:82E@CD[ J@F <?@H[ E9@F89E H6C6 H6C6 G:4E:>D 96C6]k^Am

kAm*@F <?@H[ J@FV== 7:?5 =:DED @FE E96C6 H96C6 A6@A=6 DA64F=2E6 @? H9@ E96J >:89E 92G6 366?] p?5 36EH66? E9@D6 =:DED[ D@>6 ?2>6D @C 46CE2:?=J E96J 92G6 :? 4@>>@?] qFE J629[ E96J 5:5?VE E96J 5:5?VE 5@ FD 2?J 72G@CD H96? E96J AFE E92E ?F>36C @FE E96C6 2== E9@D6 J62CD 28@ 2?5 E96? 5:5?VE 3@E96C E@ 6=23@C2E6 @? @? H9@ E92E >:89E 36]k^Am

kAmp== @7 E96> @FED:56 @7 E96 @?6D :? E96:C DA64:7:4 42D6D] x E9:?< E96 36DE E9:?8 J@F 42? D2J 23@FE :E :D :EVD >@C6 @7 2 DE2CE:?8 A@:?E] x >62?[ :EVD :EVD 2 ?F>36C E92E H2D AFE @FE E96C6 3J E96 A6@A=6 H9@ :?G6DE:82E65 :E] $@ :EVD H@CE9 4@?D:56C:?8] qFE E96 AC@3=6> :D H6 5@?VE 6G6? <?@H H9@ E96 cac H6C6]k^Am

kAmp?5 2?5 H6 ?@H 92G6 C62D@? E@ 36=:6G6 E92E E96C6 H6C6 >2?J >@C6 :? 255:E:@? E@ E92E[ E92E H2D ?6G6C >256 E96 =:DE] $@] $@ E92EVD E92EVD H96C6 E96 ?F>36C 4@>6D 7C@>] p?5 ;FDE 2 =:EE=6 324<8C@F?5 @? :E]k^Am

kAmx 8F6DD[ F?@77:4:2==J[ >6>36CD @7 E96 ~D286 EC:36[ 5@ E96J 92G6 2?@E96C 6DE:>2E6 7@C G:4E:>Dnk^Am

kAmp?5 H96? H6 925 2 492?46 E@ D:E 5@H? H:E9 D@>6 @7 E96 EC:32= @77:4:2=D 2?5 H6 E2=<65 E@ E96 49:67 $E2?5:?8 362C] r9:67 7@C $E2?5:?8 q62C[ E96 AC:?4:A2= 49:67] w6 D2:5[ J@F <?@H[ @?46 E96C6 H2D 2 E:>6 >2?J[ >2?J J62CD 28@[ D6G6C2= 564256D[ H96? H96? E96J H6C6 D@CE @7 :?7@C>2==J E2=<:?8 23@FE E9:D ;FDE 2>@?8DE E96>D6=G6D] p?5 282:?[ G6CJ :?7@C>2=[ 96 D2:5]k^Am

kAmqFE E96 ?F>36C E96J 42>6 FA H:E9 H2D x H@F=5 92G6 AFE :E 2E H6== @G6C 2 9F?5C65 <:==65 7@C E96:C @:= H62=E9 5FC:?8 E92E E:>6 DA2? 2?5 E92E :E H@F=5 92G6 366? C@F89=J dT @7 E96 EC:36VD E96? A@AF=2E:@?[ H9:49 :D AC6EEJ 6J6 @A6?:?8] p?5 96 D2:5[ J@F <?@H[ 6G6? E96? E96C6 H6C6 @E96C D@>6 @7 E96 @=56C >6>36CD @7 E96 EC:36 H9@ >2J36 925[ J@F <?@H[ H9@ H6C6 2C@F?5 6G6? 324< 2E E96 E:>6[ H9@ E9@F89E E92E 6DE:>2E6 H2D E@@ =@H]k^Am

kAm$@[ J@F <?@H[ D@ E96 EC:36 F?@77:4:2==J[ 32D65 @? E92E G6CJ :?7@C>2= :?E6C?2= :?G6DE:82E:@?[ J@F <?@H[ DF886DE65 @C AC@A@D65 H6== @G6C `__[ x >62?[ `__ 4@>A2C65 E@ ac] $@ H6VC6 E2=<:?8 2 562E9 E@==[ J@F <?@H[ C62==J 72C 6I4665:?8 E92E @C:8:?2= 6DE:>2E6] qFE 2D J@F <?@H[ r9:67 $E2?5:?8 q62C A@:?E65 @FE E@ FD[ E96C6VD ;FDE ?@E9:?8 E96C6VD ?@ H2J E@ 5@ 2?JE9:?8 H:E9 E92E]k^Am

kAm%96C6VD ?@ H2J E@ E@[ J@F <?@H[ >2<6 :E 2?J >@C6 @77:4:2= E92? ;FDE E92E] xEVD AFC6 DA64F=2E:@? 3642FD6 E92EVD 2== J@F 42? 5@[ C62==J] p 9F?5C65 J62CD C6>@G65 7C@> E96 6G6?ED H96? E96 H96? E96 H96? E96 562E9D H6C6 ?@E ?646DD2C:=J :?G6DE:82E65 2D 9@>:4:56D 2?5 H96? H96? 2== J@FVG6 8@E @C 72>:=J DE@C:6D @C 72>:=J DFDA:4:@?D] x >62?[ E92EVD 2== J@F 42? 5@ :D DA64F=2E6]k^Am

kAmx >62?[ :EVD ?@E9:?8 HC@?8 H:E9 E92E] $A64F=2E:@? 42? 36 2 8@@5 E9:?8] p?5 :? E9:D 42D6[ x E9:?< :E :D 2 8@@5 E9:?8] qFE 2D 96 H@F=5 D2J 2?5 C6>6>36C[ :E :D DA64F=2E:@?] xEVD ;FDE :EVD D@>6E9:?8 H6 42? ?6G6C <?@H[ F?7@CEF?2E6=J]k^Am

kAm%96 H2J A6@A=6 H6C6 <:==65[ :E H2D?VE E96 D2>6] xE H2D?VE 6G6CJ@?6 H2D D9@E @C H92E6G6C]k^Am

kAm}@[ E92E H@F=5 92G6 E92E DFC6 E@ 92G6 >256 :E 2 =@E 62D:6C] #:89E] uC@> 2 7C@> 2? :?G6DE:82E:G6 DE2?5A@:?E] qFE ?@[ J@F 4@F=5 AC@323=J AFE E96> :?E@ 42E68@C:6D] p?5 E92EVD[ J@F <?@H[ E96 @?6D E92E H6C6 @3G:@FD=J G:@=6?E 2?5 E96C6 H6C6 >2?J D9@@E:?8D] %96C6 H2D 2 J@F <?@H[ 2D :EVD 8@:?8 E@ 36 G:G:5=J[ x E9:?<[ A@CEC2J65 :? E96 >@G:6[ E96C6 H2D 2 9@FD6 E92E H2D 5J?2>:E65 2?5 3=@H? FA]k^Am

kAm%9C66 A6@A=6 <:==65 :? :E] $@ E9@D6 x >62?[ @3G:@FD=J[ J@F <?@H[ E9@D6 5:5?VE E2<6 $96C=@4< w@=>6D E@ E@ <?@H E92E J@F H6C6 562=:?8 H:E9 9@>:4:56D] qFE E96C6 H6C6 2 =@E @7 @E96CD[ J@F <?@H[ E92E H6C6 ;FDE G6CJ BF:6E 2?5 ;FDE H96C6 E96[ J@F <?@H[ E96 9@>:4:56[ :7[ :? 724E[ E92EVD H92E :E H2D[ ;FDE ;FDE H2D?VE @3G:@FD 2?5 H@F=5 92G6 E2<6? D@>6 D6C:@FD :?G6DE:82E:@? 2?5 :? >@DE 42D6D H2D ?@E 5@?6]k^Am

kAmp?5 :? E96 2CE:4=6 E92E J@F HC@E6 23@FE 9@H E96 E@E2= ?F>36C @7 G:4E:>D[ J@F <?@H[ H6 >2J @C H6 H:== ?6G6C <?@H E96 E@E2= ?F>36C @7 G:4E:>D 4@>A2C65 E@ H92EVD @77:4:2==J @? C64@C5] *@F E2=<65 23@FE 2 76H DA64:7:4 @C HC@E6 23@FE 2 76H DA64:7:4 DE@C:6D] xD E96C6 2?JE9:?8 23@FE E9@D6 E92E J@FV5 H2?E E@ D92C6 @? E96 A@542DEnk^Am

kAm*@F <?@H[ :EVD 5:77:4F=E[ J@F <?@H[ 2 9F?5C65 J62CD C6>@G65 E@ 7:?5 A6@A=6 H9@ 42? E2=< 23@FE :E @C 72>:=J >6>36CD E92E DE:== C6>6>36C] x J@F <?@H[ H6 x 8F6DD[ J@F <?@H[ 46?EC2==J @C 6DA64:2==J :>A@CE2?E E@ @FC DE@CJ H2D[ J@F <?@H[ 2? :?E6CG:6H H6 5:5 H:E9 7@C>6C ~D286 AC:?4:A2= 49:67 y:> vC2J[ H9@ :D E96 8C62E 8C2?5D@? @7 @?6 @7 E96 @?6 @7 E96 A:G@E2=[ A:G@E2= 7:8FC6D[ J@F <?@H[ :? E96 H9@=6 DE@CJ]k^Am

kAmp?5 E92E H2D w6?CJ #@2?[ H9@ H2D @?6 @7 E96 G:4E:>D 2?5 H9@ H2D 2 G:4E:> H9@ F=E:>2E6=J :E H2D 9:D 9:D D=2J:?8 E92E E92E w2=6 2?5 E96 @E96CD 96=5 244@F?E23=6 H6C6 492C865 7@C w6?CJ[ J@F <?@H[ 6?565 FA 36:?8 2 A:G@E2= 7:8FC6 :? E96 DE@CJ] w6 H2D 96 H2D >FC56C65[ 7@F?5[ J@F <?@H[ D9@E :? E96 9625] w6 H2D @?6 @7 E96 62C=J >FC56CD]k^Am

kAmw6 H2D 2 96 H2D?VE E96 7:CDE[ 3FE :E H2D 9:D E92E x E9:?<[ 2D H6 >6?E:@?65[ C62==J[ C62==J D@CE @7 EC:886C65 E96 E6CC@C 2D H6 42==65 :E 2E E92E A@:?E[ E92E A6@A=6 4@F=5 C62==J 4@??64E E96 5@ED 2?5 D66 E92E E92E D@>63@5J H2D @FE E@ 86E E96D6 EC:32= >6>36CD] qFE J629[ x E9:?< E96 :?E6CG:6H H:E9 H:E9 7@C>6C r9:67 vC2J 23@FE 9:D 9:D 8C62E 8C2?572E96C H2D H2D 4C:E:42= E@ @FC DE@CJ 3642FD6[ ?F>36C @?6[ x >62?[ w6?CJ :D :D D@ :>A@CE2?E E@ E96 @G6C2== DE@CJ 3FE 2=D@ ;FDE E96 :?D:89ED E92E E92E y:> vC2J 4@F=5 8:G6 2 4@?E6IEF2= F?56CDE2?5:?8 @7 E96 @E96C 7@C46D 2E H@C< :? w6?CJVD =:76 2?5 :? 96=A:?8 @C >2<:?8 9:> H9@ 96 H2D 2E E92E A@:?E :? 9:D =:76] qFE J629[ x >62?[ 96 ?6G6C J@F <?@H[ y:> vC2J ?6G6C 925 2 492?46 E@ <?@H 9:D 8C62E 8C2?572E96C] w6 ;FDE <?6H 9:> E9C@F89 E9:?8D E92E 9:D >@E96C H@F=5 E6== 9:> 23@FE w6?CJ[ H9@ H2D 96C 8C2?572E96C] *@F <?@H[ H6 H6?E E@ @?6 @7 E96 :?E6CG:6HD H6 5:5 H2D H:E9 E96 7@C>6C 6I64FE:G6 5:C64E@C @7 E96 ~D286 w:DE@CJ |FD6F> :? !2H9FD<2[ H9:49 :D 2 D@CE @7 2 C6A@D:E@CJ E96C6 @7 2 =@E @7 EC:32= 9:DE@CJ 2?5 2CE:724ED]k^Am

kAm$@ 2 H@?56C7F= A=246 :7 J@F 6G6C 86E 2 492?46 E@ 8@] qFE E96 7@C>6C 6I64FE:G6 5:C64E@C @7 E92E :D E96 =25J DE:== =:G6D :? E92E 6C2 2C62 ?2>65 z2E96C:?6 #65 r@C?] $96 E2=<65 E@ FD] $96 D96 H2D :?E6CG:6H65 3J s2G:5 vC2?? 7@C 9:D 3@@< z:==6CD @7 E96 u=@H6C |@@? 2?5 :? :E 2D 2D :? @FC :?E6CG:6H[ J@F <?@H[ D96 E2=<D 23@FE 2? 6I9:3:E E92E E96J 5:5 2?5 E96C6 E92E C62==J D@CE @7[ x E9:?< 7C@> s2G:5 vC2??VD @H? C64@==64E:@?D[ C62==J D@CE @7 =2F?4965 9:> @? E9:D >:DD:@? E@ HC:E6 E9:D 3@@<]k^Am

kAmp?5 E92E H2D 2? 6I9:3:E @7 @7 A9@E@D 7C@> EC:32= >6>36CD 7C@> E96 62C=J `h__D[ >2?J @7 H9@> H@F=5 92G6 366? 42F89E FA :? E9:D :? E96 C6:8? @7 E6CC@C H96? E96J 7:CDE AFE E9:D 6I9:3:E E@86E96C] x E9:?< vC2?? 42>6 :? =2E6C 2?5 96 D2H :E 2?5 H2D >@G65 3J :E] qFE E96 C62D@? x >62?[ H6 H2?E E@ E2=< E@ z2E96C:?6 23@FE E92E[ 3642FD6 E92E H2D A:G@E2=]k^Am

kAmqFE D96 92D 2 72>:=J DE@CJ E92E x E9:?< :==FDEC2E6D H92E 2 H92E 2 =@E @7 2 =2C86 ?F>36C @7 72>:=:6D 92G6 366? =67E E@ =:G6 H:E9 2D 72C 2D BF6DE:@?D 23@FE 2 C6=2E:G6VD 56>:D6 2?5 ?@E 36:?8 23=6 E@ <?@H 7@C DFC6 H96E96C :E H2D 4@??64E65] $96 D96 E@=5 FD 23@FE[ J@F <?@H[ 96C 8C2?572E96C[ 2 >2? ?2>65 #2J>@?5 #65 r@C?[ H9@ 5:65]k^Am

kAmp?5 E9:D :D :>A@CE2?E] w6 5:65 :? `hb` @7 DFDA:4:@FD 4:C4F>DE2?46D] p?5 E96 C62D@? E92EVD :>A@CE2?E :D E92E :7 96 5:65 :? `hb` 2?5 9:D 9:D 562E9 :D 4@??64E65 E@ E96 C6:8? @7 E6CC@C[ H6==[ E92EVD J@F <?@H[ E96 @77:4:2= DA2? H2D `ha` E@ `hae E92E E96D6 <:==:?8D E@@< A=246] $@ :7 :7 9:D 562E9 H2D 4@??64E65[ :E D9@HD E92E E96J DA2??65 ?@E @?=J 72CE96C E92? E92E[ 3FE 6?5 @7 E96 ?6IE 564256]k^Am

kAmp?5[ J@F <?@H[ H6 H2?E E@ 36 42C67F= H:E9 E9:D 3642FD6[ 2D D96 D2:5[ J@F <?@H[ H6 C62==J 5@?VE <?@H 2?JE9:?8 7@C DFC6] qFE E96C6 E96C6 E96C6VD 2=H2JD 366? DFDA:4:@?D DFCC@F?5:?8 96C 8C2?572E96CVD 562E9 2?5 E92E 96 2AA2C6?E=J[ 32D65 @? H92E E9:?8D E92E 96 D2:5 2E E96 E:>6 E92E H6C6 E92E 92G6 366? A2DD65 @?[ 96 36=:6G65 E92E 9:D 9:D H:76 2E E96 E:>6[ :? `hb`[ x 36=:6G6[ H@F=5 92G6 366? 9:D D64@?5 H:76 H2D 24EF2==J A@:D@?:?8 9:>]k^Am

kAmp?5 96 7C@> H92E r2E96C:?6 2?5 @E96CD E@=5 FD[ J@F <?@H[ :7 J@F H6?E @G6C E@ 9:D 9@FD6 5FC:?8 E92E E:>6 A6C:@5[ 96 H@F=5 25G:D6 J@F[ 5@?VE 62E 2?JE9:?8 H9:=6 J@FVC6 96C6] s@?VE 5C:?< 2?JE9:?8] *@F <?@H[ 96 4=62C=J 36=:6G6D D@>6E9:?8 H2D 8@:?8 @?] p?5 E96? 2?5 E96? H92E 5@ J@F <?@Hn ~?6 52J 96 5:6D 2?5 ?@H 96 925 925 2 AC@EC24E65 :==?6DD]k^Am

kAmw6 925 366? 8C@H:?8 H62<6C] (6==[ E96 @?=J E9:?8 H6 42? D2J[ J@F <?@H[ 2?5 :E C62==J :D 4:C4F>DE2?E:2=[ J@F <?@H[ 42D6] qFE[ J@F <?@H[ E96 E96 6G:56?46 5@6D D66> E@ 7:E E96 A2EE6C?D @7 @7 @E96C H92E H6 >:89E 42== @E96C A@:D@?:?8D] p?5 @?6 E9:?8 E92E >2<6D E9:D D@ 5:77:4F=E :D[ :D D@>6 @7 E96D6 <:==:?8D H6C6 H6C6 :E H2D G6CJ @3G:@FD E92E E96J H6C6 9@>:4:56D E92E J@F 3642FD6 E96J H6C6 G:@=6?E]k^Am

kAmx >62?[ =:<6 H:E9 w6?CJ H9@ H2D D9@E :? E96 9625[ x >62?[ E96C6 H2D ?@ 56?J:?8 :E] qFE H:E9 >2?J[ >2?J @E96CD E92E E92E A6@A=6 :? C6EC@DA64E ?@H[ H6 36=:6G6[ H6C6 DFDA:4:@FD] x >62?[ E96 42FD6 H2D ;FDE ?@E D@ @3G:@FD] p?5 E9:D H2D 2? 6C2 H96? H96? A@:D@?:?8D H6C6 G6CJ 4@>>@?[ 2 =@E @7 >FC56CD 3J A@:D@?] p?5 56A6?5:?8 @?[ J@F <?@H[ H92E E96 DF3DE2?46 H2D 2?5 9@H :E H2D 25>:?:DE6C65[ :E 4@F=5 36 G6CJ 92C5 E@ 56E64E]k^Am

kAm}@H[ E96J 4@F=5[ J@F <?@H[ :7 E96J 5:5 2? 2FE@ADJ 2?5 E96J 5:5 2 H92E H6 ?@H 42== 2 E@I:4 E@I:4@=@8:42= 5@ E2=<D @? :E[ E96J 4@F=5 56E6C>:?6 E92E A@:D@? H2D AC6D6?E] %96J 5:5 92G6 E92E] %96J 5:5 92G6 E92E 42A24:EJ] %96?[ 9@H6G6C[ J@F <?@H[ :7 :7 E96C6 H2D ?@ @3G:@FD C62D@? E@ 5@ :E 2?5 2?5 J@F 2=D@ H6C6 562=:?8 H:E9 A@E6?E:2==J 4@CCFAE 2FE9@C:E:6D H9@ H6C6 ?@E :?4=:?65 E@ =@@< E@@ 4=@D6=J[ 2 =@E @7 E96D6 2 =@E @7 E96D6 562E9D H6C6 ?6G6C :?G6DE:82E65]k^Am

kAm(6 92G6 E@ E2<6 2 BF:4< 3C62<] $@ 5@?VE 8@ E@@ 72C]k^Am

kAm%96 C6:8? @7 E6CC@C 5:5 ;FDE E92E[ 4C62E65 2? 2E>@DA96C6 @7 762C :? E96 ~D286 4@>>F?:EJ] u62C @7 G:@=6?46 2?5 762C E92E 2FE9@C:E:6D H6C6?VE 8@:?8 E@ 96=A[ 6G6? :7 D@>6@?6 H6C6 E@ DA62< FA] #2?5J 6IA=2:?65 9@H E9:D 762C :>A24E65 E96 :?G6DE:82E:@?D]k^Am

kAm%96 62C=:6DEn (6==[ :E H2D 42==65 E96 #6:8? @7 %6CC@C 3642FD6 A6@A=6 ;FDE =:G65 :? E6CC@C] %96J H6C6 27C2:5 E@ E@ E2=<] p?5 H96? E96 uqx 42>6 :? E96C6 :? `hab E@ ECJ 2?5 D@CE E9:?8D @FE :? E96:C :? E96:C =6EE6CD 2?5 C6A@CED 2?5 D@ 7@CE9[ 7C@> E92E E:>6[ J@F <?@H[ E96J E2=< 23@FE 9@H A6@A=6 2C6 ;FDE E6CC:7:65 E@ E2=< 2?5 2?5 E96J H@F=5 ?@E E2=< E@ @FED:56CD 2E 2==]k^Am

kAmp?5 :? 724E[ :D 2D :D 366? E2=<65 23@FE 2 =@E H:E9 H:E9 E9:D 3@@< 2?5 >@G:6] %96J H@F?5 FA AFEE:?8 D@>6 D@>6 >6? F?56C4@G6C E@ ECJ 2?5 :?D:?F2E6 E96>D6=G6D :?E@ E96 4@>>F?:EJ D@ E96J 4@F=5 86E :?7@C>2E:@?] p?5 3642FD6 A6@A=6 H6C6 27C2:5 :7 E96J :7 E96J E@=5 H92E E96J <?6H @C H92E E96J E9@F89E 2?5 E96J H6C6 9@?6DE 23@FE :E[ E96J E96JV5 36 <:==65]k^Am

kAmp?5 2?5 E9:D 2?5 E9:D H2D ECF6 @7 2 =@E @7 @E96C A6@A=6 :? p?5[ J@F <?@H[ x E9:?< |@==J qFC<92CE[ 2E @?6 E:>6[ D96 E@=5 96C AC:6DE E92E D96 H2D 27C2:5] !6@A=6 ;FDE[ J@F <?@H[ A6@A=6[ A6@A=6 H9@ H6C6 ?@E A2CE @7 E96 2?5 6G6? D@>6 @7 E96> H9@ H6C6 A2CE @7 E96 E96D6 E96D6 @C82?:K2E:@?D E92E H6C6 E92E H6C6 5@:?8 E96D6 E9:?8D H6C6 27C2:5 E@ E2=< 23@FE :E]k^Am

kAmp?5 D@>6E:>6D E96J H6C6 27C2:5 E@ E2=< 23@FE :E 3642FD6 E96J H6C6 :?G@=G65[ E@@] *@F <?@H[ 3FE 3FE E96J @7E6? E96J H6C6 27C2:5 E@ E2=< 23@FE :E 3642FD6 @7 C6A6C4FDD:@?D 282:?DE E96>D6=G6D] p?5[ J@F <?@H[ D@ 282:?[ J@FV5 92G6 A6@A=6 ;FDE 8@ >:DD:?8 E96:C 3@5:6D[ J@F <?@H[ E92E E92E H@F=5 EFC? @FE J@F <?@H[ E96JV5 7:?5 E96> @FE :? E96 :? E96 @:= 7:6=5 @C @C :? 2 C2G:?6 @C @C J@FV5 92G6 @?6 E9:?8 E92E 92AA6?65 2 =@E H2D H2D F?6IA=2:?65 562E9D]k^Am

kAm!6@A=6 H@F=5[ J@F <?@H[ BF@E6[ 86E D:4< 2?5 5:6] p?5 E92E 92AA6?65 H:E9 |@==J qFC<92CE >@E96C] p?5 2?5 2E =62DE 2?5 :? @?6 @7 96C[ 2E =62DE @?6 @7 96C D:DE6CD[ H96C6 E96J[ F9[ E96J 42==65 :E =:<6 >JDE6C:@FD H2DE:?8 5:D62D6 2?5 E9:?8D =:<6 E96J 5:5?VE C62==J 92G6 2 ?2>6 7@C :E] p?5 E96 uqx DFDA64E65 E96 =@42= 5@4E@C H2D :? @? :E[ E92E 96 E92E 96 <?6H H92E H2D 8@:?8 @?]k^Am

kAmp?5 96 H2D[ J@F <?@H[ >2<:?8 :E H@CD6 @C 2E =62DE C6A@CE:?8 :E]k^Am

kAm|2J36 E2<:?8 <:4<324<D 7C@> E96 A6CA6EC2E@CD]k^Am

kAm(6==[ J6D[ 6I24E=J]k^Am

kAm$@>6 A6@A=6 D@>6 @7 E96D6 7@=<D DF776C65 7C@> 5:236E6D 2?5 E96J H6C6?VE 36:?8] }@H[ EC62E:?8 5:236E6D[ x E9:?< :? E9@D6 52JD H2D AC@323=J 2 =@E >@C6 5:77:4F=E 2?JH2J] qFE E96J H6C6 ?@E =:<6[ H6VC6 ?@E 96=A:?8 :E 2?JH2J] |> 9>>] p?5 :E J@F <?@H[ :E H2D ;FDE]k^Am

kAmxE]]] (2D :E H2D 2 E:>6 H96? J@F ;FDE 925 E@[ J@F <?@H[ 36 42C67F= 23@FE 6G6CJ =:EE=6 E9:?8 J@F 5:5 2?5 D2:5]k^Am

kAmp?5 E9:D :D H96C6 H6 HC2A E9:?8D FA E@52J] %92?<D 7@C =:DE6?:?8 E@ {2E6 t5:E:@?[ rC:>6 q62E r9C@?:4=6D] w:E E92E DF3D4C:36 3FEE@? D@ J@F 5@?VE >:DD] ~FC ?6IE 6A:D@56 H:== A:4< FA H:E9 E96 :?G6DE:82E:@? 2?5 H9@ H2D 96=5 C6DA@?D:3=6\ @C ?@E\ 7@C E96 >FC56CD 5FC:?8 E96 ~D286 C6:8? @7 E6CC@C]k^Am